[Evaluation of a carbon 13 breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori]. / Evaluación de un test del aliento con carbono 13 para el diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a Chinese-made carbon-13 breath test as a non-invasive diagnostic method for Hp infection in the Peruvian population through the determination of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic utility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on a secondary database of the Gastroenterology Service of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital and Cayetano Heredia Clinic from November 2017 to August 2018. Patients over 18 years of age who underwent endoscopy were included upper digestive. RESULTS: A sensitivity of 90.3% (95% CI 0.81-0.96), a specificity of 82.5% (95% CI 0.67-0.93), a positive predictive value was found and negative of 90.3% and 82.5%, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of 5.16 and 0.12, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The carbon 13 breath test is a non-invasive and simple test that provides results quickly. However, it is not possible to recommend the routine use of this test due to the discrepancy between the international and local results obtained. Studies with larger sample sizes, standardized protocols and different manufacturers are suggested to evaluate their performance and characteristics.

Evaluación de un test del aliento con carbono 13 para el diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori / Evaluation of a carbon 13 breath test for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar un test del aliento con carbono 13 de fabricación China como método diagnóstico no invasivo para la infección por Hp en población peruana a través de la determinación de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo, likelihood ratio positivo y negativo y utilidad diagnóstica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal y descriptivo sobre una base de datos secundaria del Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Cayetano Heredia y Clínica Cayetano Heredia de noviembre de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Se incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a una endoscopía digestiva alta. Resultados: Se halló una sensibilidad de 90,3% (IC 95% 0,81-0,96), especificidad de 82,5% (IC 95% 0,67-0,93), valor predictivo positivo y negativo de 90,3% y 82,5%, y likelihood ratio positivo y negativo de 5,16 y 0,12, respectivamente. El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,88 (IC 95%: 0,80-0,96). Conclusiones: El test del aliento con carbono 13 es una prueba no invasiva y sencilla que proporciona resultados de forma rápida. Sin embargo, no es posible recomendar el uso rutinario de esta prueba debido a la discrepancia entre los resultados internacionales y locales obtenidos. Se sugiere realizar estudios con mayores tamaños muestrales, protocolos estandarizados y de diferentes fabricantes para evaluar su rendimiento y características.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate a Chinese-made carbon-13 breath test as a non-invasive diagnostic method for Hp infection in the Peruvian population through the determination of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, positive and negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic utility. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on a secondary database of the Gastroenterology Service of the Cayetano Heredia Hospital and Cayetano Heredia Clinic from November 2017 to August 2018. Patients over 18 years of age who underwent endoscopy were included upper digestive. Results: A sensitivity of 90.3% (95% CI 0.81-0.96), a specificity of 82.5% (95% CI 0.67-0.93), a positive predictive value was found and negative of 90.3% and 82.5%, and positive and negative likelihood ratio of 5.16 and 0.12, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.80-0.96). Conclusions: The carbon 13 breath test is a non-invasive and simple test that provides results quickly. However, it is not possible to recommend the routine use of this test due to the discrepancy between the international and local results obtained. Studies with larger sample sizes, standardized protocols and different manufacturers are suggested to evaluate their performance and characteristics.

[Actinic enteritis as a cause of digestive bleeding of obscure origin]. / Enteritis actínica como causa de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro.

Chronic actinic enteritis is a malfunction of the small bowel, occurring in the 6 months post-radiotherapy, and it can be manifestated as malabsortion, stenosis, fistula formation, local abscesses, perforation and bleeding, We report a case of an elderly patient who presents an episode of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) secondary to actinic enteritis. She is a 64-year- old female patient with the past medical history of cervical cancer who received radiotherapy and brachytherapy. One year after the treatment, the patient presents a chronic episode of melena and symptomatic anemia and 1 week before the admission she had hematochezia. At admission she has hemodynamic instability with a hemoglobin value of 2.7 gr/dl. We did an upper endoscopy, a colonoscopy and abdomino-pelvic tomography without any findings of the bleeding’s source. Reason why an endoscopic capsule was done, showing bleeding areas in the medial and distal small bowel. The patient had another gastrointestinal bleeding requiring a surgery where they decide to do a resection of the small bowel and a right hemicholectomy. The pathology was compatible with actinic enteritis. The patient after the surgery had a torpid evolution, and finally dies. We describe this case and do a review of all the existent data around the world, because is the first case reported in Peru of an actinic enteritis as a cause of OGIB.

Enteritis actínica como causa de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro / Actinic enteritis as a cause of digestive bleeding of obscure origin

La enteritis actínica crónica es un trastorno del intestino delgado que ocurre a partir de los 6 meses post radioterapia y se puede manifestar como malabsorción, estenosis, formación de fístulas, abscesos locales, perforación y sangrado. Se reporta el caso de una paciente adulta mayor la cual presentó un cuadro de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro (HDO) secundario a enteritis actínica. Es una paciente mujer de 64 años con antecedente de neoplasia maligna de cérvix quien recibió sesiones de radioterapia y braquiterapia, La paciente un año después de dicho tratamiento presenta un cuadro crónico de melena y anemia, presentando hematoquezia en la última semana previa a la hospitalización. Al ingreso presenta inestabilidad hemodinámica con valores de hemoglobina en 2,7gr/dL. Se realiza una endoscopia, colonoscopia y tomografía abdomino pélvica, las cuales no mostraron la causa del sangrado, motivo por el cual se realiza una cápsula endoscópica evidenciando áreas de sangrado en intestino delgado medio y distal. La paciente vuelve a presentar un episodio de sangrado agudo siendo sometida a una cirugía de emergencia en donde se decide realizar resección de intestino más hemicolectomia derecha. En la biopsia de la pieza quirúrgica se encuentran hallazgos compatibles con enteropatía actínica. La paciente posterior a la cirugía evoluciona tórpidamente, llegando a fallecer. Describimos el presente caso y hacemos una recolección de la data existente debido a que es el primer caso en el Perú en el que se reporta a una enteritis actínica como causante de HDO...

Chronic actinic enteritis is a malfunction of the small bowel, occurring in the 6 months post-radiotherapy, and it can be manifestated as malabsortion, stenosis, fistula formation, local abscesses, perforation and bleeding, We report a case of an elderly patient who presents an episode of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) secondary to actinic enteritis. She is a 64-year-old female patient with the past medical history of cervical cancer who received radiotherapy and brachytherapy. One year after the treatment, the patient presents a chronic episode of melena and symptomatic anemia and 1 week before the admission she had hematochezia. At admission she has hemodynamic instability with a hemoglobin value of 2.7 gr/dl. We did an upper endoscopy, a colonoscopy and abdomino-pelvic tomography without any findings of the bleedingÆs source. Reason why an endoscopic capsule was done, showing bleeding areas in the medial and distal small bowel. The patient had another gastrointestinal bleeding requiring a surgery where they decide to do a resection of the small bowel and a right hemicholectomy. The pathology was compatible with actinic enteritis. The patient after the surgery had a torpid evolution, and finally dies. We describe this case and do a review of all the existent data around the world, because is the first case reported in Peru of an actinic enteritis as a cause of OGIB...

[Pepsinogen and gastrin in the noninvasive diagnosis of gastric atrophy. A case-control study in Peruvian population]. / Pepsinógeno y gastrina en el diagnóstico no invasivo de la atrofia gástrica. Un estudio caso-control en población Peruana.

INTRODUCTION: Detection of gastric atrophy could be used for early diagnosis of gastric cancer in Perú. It was determined the pepsinogens I and II (PGI, PGII) and Gastrin-17 (G17) serum levels, and the PGI/PGII ratio as a non-invasive diagnostic test for gastric atrophy in Peruvian patiens. METHODS: Dyspeptic adults undergoing endoscopy and gastric biopsies were studied.For each case with atrophy two controls without atrophy were selected. Differences were evaluated and ROC curves constructed. A serologic profile was produced combining PGI and PGI/PGII ratio. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS: 22 cases and 44 controls were included. Areas under ROC curves were 0.599, 0.546 and 0.534 for PGI, PGII and PGI/PGII ratio, respectively. None of these allowed for discrimination between cases and controls. The serological profile did not reach appropriate sensitivity and specificity. DISCUSSION: This first study of pepsinogen, gastrin and atrophy in Peru showed none of these tests to be useful. Their potential impact in early detection and prevention of prevalent cancer justify further investigation. Recruiting more patients, excluding those previously treated for Helicobacter pylori, and processing independently the antrum and corpus biopsies, could reveal findings not seen in present study.

[Stromal tumor of esophagus: case report]. / Tumor estromal de esófago: reporte de caso.

Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors (GIST) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, although they are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms. The stomach and small intestine are the most frequent site of involvement accounting for approximately 85% of cases. However, esophagus involvement is exceptional (<5%); indeed some large series fail to report it. Surgery resection is the cornerstone of treatment; currently imatinib has demonstrated its utility to reduce local recurrences and tumor mass. We report a 75 years-old male with a medical history of dysphagia who presented upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by an esophageal GIST. The patient did not undergo surgery because of severe chronic heart failure.

Dimorphic fungal coinfection as a cause of chronic diarrhea and pancolitis.

Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are dimorphic fungi that cause systemic mycosis mostly in tropical South America and some areas of North America. Gastrointestinal involvement is not uncommon among these fungal diseases, but coinfection has not previously been reported. We report a patient with chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis.

Pepsinógeno y gastrina en el diagnóstico no invasivo de la atrofia gástrica: un estudio caso-control en población peruana / Pepsinogen and gastrin in non-invasive diagnosis of gastric atrophy: a case-control study in peruvian population

INTRODUCCIÓN: La detección de atrofia gástrica podría ser utilizada en el diagnóstico precoz de cáncer gástrico en Perú. Se evaluó la determinación de niveles séricos de pepsinógenos I y II (PGI, PGII), gastrina-17 (G17), y la relación PGI/PGII como posible prueba de diagnóstico no invasivo de atrofia en pacientes peruanos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron adultos con dispepsia sometidos a endoscopía con biopsia gástrica, considerando dos controles sin atrofia por cada caso con atrofia. Se evaluaron las diferencias y se confeccionaron curvas ROC, así como el perfil serológico combinando PGI y PGI/PGII. Se calculó su sensibilidad y especificidad. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 22 casos y 44 controles. El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0.599, 0.546 y 0.534 para PGI, PGII, y PGI/PGII respectivamente. Ninguna prueba discriminó entre casos y controles. El perfil serológico no alcanzó sensibilidad y especificidad adecuadas. DISCUSIÓN: Este primer estudio de pepsinógeno, gastrina y atrofia en Perú, no mostró utilidad de estos métodos. El impacto potencial en la detección y prevención de una neoplasia prevalente justifica mayor investigación. Incluir más pacientes, excluir a los tratados previamente contra Helicobacter pylori, y procesar separadamente las biopsias de antro y cuerpo, podrían revelar asociaciones no vistas en este estudio.

INTRODUCTION: Detection of gastric atrophy could be used for early diagnosis of gastric cancer in Perú. It was determined the pepsinogens I and II (PGI, PGII) and Gastrin-17 (G17) serum levels, and the PGI/PGII ratio as a non-invasive diagnostic test for gastric atrophy in Peruvian patiens. METHODS: Dyspeptic adults undergoing endoscopy and gastric biopsies were studied. For each case with atrophy two controls without atrophy were selected. Differences were evaluated and ROC curves constructed. A serologic profile was produced combining PGI and PGI/PGII ratio. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS: 22 cases and 44 controls were included. Areas under ROC curves were 0.599, 0.546 and 0.534 for PGI, PGII and PGI/PGII ratio, respectively. None of these allowed for discrimination between cases and controls. The serological profile did not reach appropriate sensitivity and specificity. DISCUSSION: This first study of pepsinogen, gastrin and atrophy in Peru showed none of these tests to be useful. Their potential impact in early detection and prevention of prevalent cancer justify further investigation. Recruiting more patients, excluding those previously treated for Helicobacter pylori, and processing independently the antrum and corpus biopsies, could reveal findings not seen in present study.

Tumor estromal de esófago: reporte de caso / Stromal tumor of esophagus: case report

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinales (GIST) son neoplasias poco frecuentes del tracto digestivo, sin embargo, son los tumores mesenquimales más frecuentes. El estómago y el intestino delgado son los lugares de presentación más comunes representando aproximadamente el 85 por ciento de los casos. Por otro lado la ubicación esofágica es excepcional (<5 por ciento), inclusive existen grandes series donde su frecuencia no se reporta. El manejo quirúrgico es el tratamiento definitivo, sin embargo actualmente con el uso de imatinib se ha podido disminuir la frecuencia de recurrencias y la masa tumoral. Presentamos un paciente varón de 75 años con antecedente de disfagia que presentó hemorragia digestiva alta debido a un GIST de esófago. El paciente no fue sometido a manejo quirúrgico, debido a una severa insuficiencia cardiaca.

Gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors (GIST) are rare neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, although they are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms. The stomach and small intestine are the most frequent site of involvement accounting for approximately 85 percent of cases. However, esophagus involvement is exceptional (<5 percent); indeed some large series fail to report it. Surgery resection is the cornerstone of treatment; currently imatinib has demonstrated its utility to reduce local recurrences and tumor mass. We report a 75 years-old male with a medical history of dysphagia who presented upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by an esophageal GIST. The patient did not undergo surgery because of severe chronic heart failure.

Chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by paracoccidioidomycosis: a case report.

South American blastomycosis is a systemic micosis caused by infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The most frequently affected sites are the lower lip buccal mucous membrane, palate, tongue, sublingual region, lymph glands, and lungs. However, colonic involvement is not a common expression of Paracoccidioidomycosis. We report a case of chronic diarrhea and pancolitis caused by Paracoccidioidomycosis with fatal outcome.

[Duodenal ulcer due by cytomegalovirus as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in an immunecompetent patient]. / Ulcera duodenal por Citomegalovirus como causa de Hemoragia Digestiva Alta en un Paciente Inmunocompetente.

Duodenal ulcer due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) is quite infrequent in the inmunocompetent patient. We present an elderly patient with a history of upper urinary infections who was admitted at the hospital because of tarry black stool and coffee ground vomits. Endoscopy revealed duodenal ulcer and the histopathology confirm CMV infection. The workout was negative for human immunodeficient virus (HIV), HTLV-1 and occult cancer. The patient developed a serious infection and died due to urinary septic shock. Key words : Duodenal ulcer, cytomegalovirus, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, immunocompetent.

Úlcera duodenal por citomegalovirus como causa de hemoragia digestiva alta en un paciente inmunocompetente / Duodenal ulcer due by cytomegalovirus as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in an immunecompetent patient

La úlcera duodenal por citomegalovirus (CMV) es muy poco frecuente en el paciente inmunocompetente. El presente caso es un adulto mayor con antecedente de infecciones urinarias a repetición que ingresa al hospital por historia de melena y vómitos tipo borra de café con hallazgos endoscópicos de úlcera duodenal y confirmación histopatológica de infección por citomegalovirus (CMV). Los estudios VIH, HTLV-1 y neoplasia oculta fueron negativos. El paciente presentó una evolución desfavorable falleciendo de shock séptico de origen urinario.

Duodenal ulcer due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) is quite infrequent in the inmunocompetent patient. We present an elderly patient with a history of upper urinary infections who wasadmitted at the hospital because of tarry black stool and coffee ground vomits. Endoscopy revealed duodenal ulcer and the histopathology confirm CMV infection. The workout was negative for human immunodeficient virus (HIV), HTLV-1 and occult cancer. The patient developed a serious infection and died due to urinary septic shock.

[Hereditary hemachromatosis: clinical case report and literature review]. / Hemocromatosis hereditaria: reporte de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura.

Hemachromatosis is a hereditary condition, producing progressive iron overload as a result of the mutation in proteins that regulate intestinal iron absorption. It is a systemic disease with several manifestations including cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, joint disease and a proportion of asymptomatic patients. When it is diagnosed and treatment with phlebotomies is initiated before any organ damage is developed, the prognosis is very good, with normal survival free of manifestations. This condition is common in European populations. We report the case of a Peruvian patient of European ancestry who is asymptomatic, but has high levels of aminotransferases and elevated iron markers. Genetic testing confirmed the patient's diagnosis of hereditary hemachromatosis.

Hemocromatosis hereditaria: reporte de caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Hereditary hemachromatosis: clinical case report and literature review

La hemocromatosis es una condición hereditaria que ocasiona sobrecarga progresiva de hierro como resultado de mutaciones en proteínas que regulan su absorción en el intestino. Es una enfermedad sistémica con manifestaciones variadas incluyendo cirrosis hepática, diabetes mellitus, cardiomiopatía, artropatía, y una proporción de pacientes asintomáticos. Cuando se diagnostica y se instaura tratamiento con flebotomías antes del desarrollo de daño de órganos el pronóstico es muy bueno, con una supervivencia normal, y libre de manifestaciones. La condición es común en poblaciones europeas. Reportamos un paciente peruano de ascendencia europea, asintomático, con elevación de aminotransferasas y con elevación de marcadores de hierro en quien mediante estudio genético se confirmó el diagnóstico de hemocromatosis hereditaria.

Hemachromatosis is a hereditary condition, producing progressive iron overload as a result of the mutation in proteins that regulate intestinal iron absorption. It is a systemic disease with several manifestations including cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy, joint disease and a proportion of asymptomatic patients. When it is diagnosed and treatment with phlebotomies is initiated before any organ damage is developed, the prognosis is very good, with normal survival free of manifestations. This condition is common in European populations. We report the case of a Peruvian patient of European ancestry who is asymptomatic, but has high levels of aminotransferases and elevated iron markers. Genetic testing confirmed the patientís diagnosis of hereditary hemachromatosis.

Prácticas de consumo de tabaco y otras drogas en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú / Practices of tobacco consumption and other drugs among students of health´s sciences of a private university. Lima – Perú

Objetivos: identificar prácticas de consumo de tabaco y otras drogas en estudiantes de pregrado de ciencias de la salud. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal mediante encuesta autoaplicada en 2.074 estudiantes de 9 carreras de salud de una universidad privada de Lima - Perú. Resultados: la prevalencia de vida (PV) y el uso actual de tabaco fueron: 81.9 por ciento y 38.7 por ciento. El 15.6 por ciento de los estudiantes fumadores actuales, fuma o sintió ganas de fumar al despertar en la mañana. El 45.3 por ciento consume tabaco desde los 16 años, 25 por ciento fumó por primera vez en una fiesta y 45.8 por ciento sigue fumando en eventos sociales. En la última semana, 68.5 por ciento se expuso al humo ambiental de tabaco fuera del hogar. Existe una significativa asociación entre el hábito de fumar de padres, hermanos y amigos y el hecho de ser fumador o no fumador. La PV de alcohol: 94.3 por ciento, marihuana: 16.7 por ciento, pasta básica de cocaína: 7.5 por ciento y cocaína HCl: 7.6 por ciento. Conclusiones: se encontró una elevada PV de tabaco y otras drogas en los estudiantes. Edad de inicio: la adolescencia. Elevada exposición ambiental al tabaco fuera del hogar. Asociación entre consumo de tabaco en los padres y condición de fumador de los estudiantes.

Experiencia clínica con cafotaxima 1g c/12h en el manejo de infecciones de herida operatoria / Clinical experience with cefotaxime 1g q/12h in management of surgical wounds infections

La infección de herida operatoria sigue siendo un problema importante en cirugía, el advenimiento de antibióticos bactericidas de amplio espectro permite plantear el uso de monoterapia para tratar esta condición que puede ser causada por diversos agentes bacterianos. Se escogió cefotaxima 1g c/12 horas como agente antibiótico en el manejo de infecciones quirúrgicas. Por ello, en un estudio no comparativo en 95 pacientes de ambos sexos, con infecciones de herida operatoria, con un promedio de 49 años de edad, se realizó aproximadamente de tales pacientes habían recibido profilaxia antes de la intervención quirúrgica con diversos agentes, entre ellos clindamicina, cloranfenicol, cefalotina, metronidazol más amicacina, gentamicina. Entre los gérmenes del pre tratamiento se aislaron staphylococcus aureus, staphulococcus epidermidis, e.coli, streptococcus pyogenes. Se obtuvo un éxito bacteriólogico, medico como erradicación del patógeno en el 94 por ciento de los casos y un éxito clínico de 99 por cuento (curación 93 por ciento y mejoría 6 por ciento). Se demostró una tolerancia local buena en el 98 por ciento de los casos. Esta experiencia clínica respalda el uso empírico como monoterapia de cefotaxima 1g c/12 horas en el manejo de la infección de herida operatoria.